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[q] _________ validity is the degree to which the study demonstrates that the treatment caused a change in behavior. [textentry] [c] internal [a] Yes. [c] external [a] No, external validity is about generalizing the findings to different people, places, and time periods. [c] construct [a] No, construct validity is about whether you are labeling your variables correctly--whether you are measuring and manipulating what you think you are. [c]* [a] No, internal validity is the degree to which the study demonstrates that the treatment caused a change in behavior. [q]Showing that changes in the suspected cause occur before changes in behavior is called establishing ______ _________. [textentry] [c]temporal precedence [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the term is temporal precedence. [q]Experimental designs establish temporal precedence by ________ the suspected cause.[textentry] [c]manipulating; systematically varying; varying [a] Correct. [c]* [a] The idea is that if we introduce the suspected cause before observing behavior, we can be relatively confidence that the cause came before the effect. [q]Because causes come before effects, researchers trying to establish causality must establish _____ ________.[textentry] [c]temporal precedence [a] Good job. [c]* [a]The correct term is temporal precedence. [q]Because causes come ______ effects, researchers trying to establish causality must establish temporal precedence.[textentry] [c]before; prior to [a] That's it. [c]* [a] No, causes come before effects. [q]The question of which variable changed first can be settled by establishing _____ ______.[textentry] [c]temporal precedence [a] You got it. [c]* [a] The answer we were looking for was temporal precedence. [q]The "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" question is a question about _____ ______. [textentry] [c]temporal precedence [a] Yes, you know that term. [c]* [a] The technical term is temporal precedence. [q]Establishing that changes in the treatment are accompanied by changes in the behavior is called establishing __________. [textentry] [c]covariation; co-variation [a] Right! [c] correlation [a] You have the right idea, but we were looking for the technical term covariation. [c]* [a] The technical term is covariation. [q]The first step to establishing that one variable influences a second variable is to establish that there is _______ between those two variables.[textentry] [c]covariation; correlation [a] Excellent! [c] relationship; association [a] You have the right idea, but we were looking for the term covariation. [c]* [a] Sorry, we were looking for the term covariation. [q]When the covariation observed between two variables is not due to the variables influencing each other, but because both are being influenced by some third variable, the relationship between those two variables is described as ____________.[textentry] [c]spurious; spuriousness [a] Nailed it! [c]* [a] No, such a relationship is described as spurious. [q]Beware of ________ whenever you look at research that does not use an experimental design. [textentry] [c]spurious; spuriousness [a] Good job! [c]* [a] No, beware of spuriousness whenever you look at research that does not use an experimental design. [q]There is a correlation between ice cream consumption and shark attacks. However,eating ice cream doesn't cause shark attacks, and shark attacks don't cause people to eat ice cream, so the relationship between ice cream consumption and shark attacks is _________ .[textentry] [c] spurious [a] You're learning! [c]* [a] No,there is a statistical relationship, but the relationship is spurious: due to a third factor (warmer weather). [q]Designs that try to establish causality by controlling relevant third factors are called ________ designs.[textentry] [c] single n; single-n [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No,the answer is single-n designs. [q]One way single-n designs can show that they have controlled relevant third variables is to establish a stable _________.[textentry] [c]baseline; base-line; base line [a] Excellent [c]* [a] No,the key is to establish a stable baseline. [q]The participant's behavior on the task prior to receiving the treatment is called the _______. [textentry] [c] baseline; base line; base-line [a]Yes! [c]pretest; pre-test; [a] No, a pretest might be a task given the participant, but the participant's behavior on the task is called the baseline. [c]* [a] No, the participant's behavior on the task prior to receiving the treatment is called the baseline. [q]One way single-n designs can show that they have controlled relevant third variables is to establish a ______ baseline.[textentry] [c] stable [a] Correct [c]* [a] No,the key is to establish a stable baseline. [q]Perhaps the simplest single-n design is the _____ design.[textentry] [c]A-B; A B [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the simplest single-n design is the A-B design. [q]The A-B design is the simplest ________ design.[textentry] [c]single n; single-n [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the simplest single-n design is the A-B design. [q]To improve a study's internal validity, you might change an A-B design into a(n) __________ design.[textentry] [c]reversal; ABA; A-B-A; A-B-A reversal [a] Yes. [c]* [a] Sorry, the answer we were looking for was reversal design. [q]In a reversal design, participants are measured before the treatment is administered, while the treatment is administered, and ______ the treatment is withdrawn. [textentry] [c]after [a] True. [c]* [a] No, in a reversal design,participants are measured before the treatment is administered, while the treatment is administered, and after the treatment is withdrawn. [q]In a reversal design,participants are measured before the treatment is administered, while the treatment is administered, and after the treatment is __________. [textentry] [c] withdrawn; removed [a] Correct [c]* [a] No, in a reversal design,participants are measured before the treatment is administered, while the treatment is administered, and after the treatment is withdrawn. [q]In a reversal design, behavior might not return to the original baseline levels because of m________________.[textentry] [c]maturation; maturation effects [a] Yes. [c]* [a] In a reversal design, behavior might not return to the original baseline levels because of maturation. [q]In a reversal design, behavior might not return to the original baseline levels because of c________________.[textentry] [c] carryover, carry-over, carryover effects; treatment carryover; [a] Yes. [c]* [a] In a reversal design, behavior might not return to the original baseline levels because of carryover effects. [q]Because of carryover effects, many single-n researchers use ___ independent variable(s). [textentry] [c]one; 1 [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, because of carryover effects, many single-n researchers use only one independent variable. [q]The _____ _______ design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. [textentry] [c]multiple baseline; multiple-baseline [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. [q]The multiple-baseline design is a _____design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. [textentry] [c]single n; single-n [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. [q]The multiple-baseline design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several __________ at a time. [textentry] [c]behaviors [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. [q]The multiple-baseline design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. The researcher collects a ________ on these different behaviors.[textentry] [c]baseline; base-line [a] You are correct. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time.The researcher collects a baseline on these different behaviors. The researcher then introduces a treatment to try to modify one of the behaviors. The researcher hopes that the treatment will change the selected behavior, but that the other behaviors will stay at baseline. [q]The multiple-baseline design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. The researcher collects a baseline on these different behaviors. The researcher then introduces a treatment to try to modify one of the behaviors. The researcher hopes that the treatment will change the selected behavior, but that the other behaviors will stay at _______. Next, the researcher tries to modify the second behavior and so on. For example, a manager might collect baseline data on employee absenteeism, tardiness, and cleanliness. Then, the manager would reward cleanliness while continuing to collect data on all three variables. Then, the manager would reward punctuality, and so on.[textentry] [c]baseline; base-line [a] You are correct. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time.The researcher collects a baseline on these different behaviors. The researcher then introduces a treatment to try to modify one of the behaviors. The researcher hopes that the treatment will change the selected behavior, but that the other behaviors will stay at baseline. [q]The multiple-baseline design is a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time. The researcher collects a baseline on these different behaviors. The researcher then introduces a treatment to try to modify one of the behaviors. The researcher hopes that the treatment will change the selected behavior, but that the other behaviors will ______ at baseline.[textentry] [c]stay; remain [a] You are correct. [c]* [a] No, the multiple baseline design is a a single-n design in which the researcher studies several behaviors at a time.The researcher collects a baseline on these different behaviors. The researcher then introduces a treatment to try to modify one of the behaviors. The researcher hopes that the treatment will change the selected behavior, but that the other behaviors will stay at baseline. [q]The assumption that the simplest explanation is the most likely is called the law of _________.[textentry] [c]parsimony [a] That's right. Good job! [c]* [a] No, it is called the law of parsimony. [q]When quasi-experimenters argue that their results are more simply explained by the treatment having an effect rather than by some cyclical effect of another variable, and that this simpler explanation is the more likely, they are invoking the law of ________________. [textentry] [c]parsimony [a] You are correct. [c]* [a] No, they are invoking the law of parsimony. [q]The assumption that the simplest explanation is the most ______ is called the law of parsimony.[textentry] [c] likely; probable [a] That's right. Good job! [c]* [a] No,the assumption that the simplest explanation is the most likely is called the law of parsimony. [q]The assumption that the ______ explanation is the most likely is called the law of parsimony.[textentry] [c] simplest; least complicated [a] Yes. [c]* [a] No,the assumption that the simplest explanation is the most likely is called the law of parsimony. [q]______ refers to changes in the participant that naturally occur over time. [textentry] [c]Maturation. [a] You know it. [c]* [a] The right answer is maturation. [q]Maturation refers to changes in the participant that _________ occur over time. Maturation often refers to physiological changes. [textentry] [c]naturally. [a] Yes. [c]* [a] Sorry, the answer we were looking for was "naturally". [q]Maturation refers to changes in the participant that naturally occur over time. Maturation often refers to _________________ changes. [textentry] [c]physiological; biological [a] You got it. [c]* [a] Sorry, the answer we were looking for was "physiological". [q] ________ factors are factors other than the treatment that, if not accounted for, may harm internal validity.[textentry] [c] extraneous [a] Yes, you were right. [c]* [a] No, extraneous factors, if not controlled or accounted for, may have effects that could be mistaken for treatment effects. [q]  __________ refers to internal, biological changes such as growth, aging, and development that could be mistaken for treatment effects [textentry] [c] maturation [a] Right! [c] history [a] No, history refers to changes in the outside environment. [c]* [a] No, the correct answer is maturation. [q] _______ refers to external, environmental changes--other than the treatment--that might affect participants' behavior [textentry] [c] history [a] Correct. History effects could be mistaken for treatment effects. [c]* [a] Sorry, the answer is history. [q]______ refers to changes in scores that result from the way participants were measured changing from pretest to posttest. [textentry] [c] instrumentation [a] Yes, in instrumentation, the actual measuring instrument changes, the way it is administered changes, or the way it is scored changes. [c] testing [a] No, testing refers to participants changing as a result of being tested/measured. In instrumentation, the actual measuring instrument changes, the way it is administered changes, or the way it is scored changes. [c]* [a] Sorry, instrumentation is the term that refers to changes in scores that result from the way participants were measured changing from pretest to posttest. [q]________ refers to participants scoring differently on the posttest as a result of what they learned from taking the pretest.[textentry] [c] testing [a] Right! [c] instrumentation [a] No, in instrumentation the measuring instrument changes; in testing, the participant changes because the participant was tested. [c]* [a] No, what you should have said was testing. [q]_______ refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study.[textentry] [c] mortality [a] Yes, mortality--also called attrition--refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study. [c] attrition [a] Yes, attrition--usually called mortality--refers to differences between conditions are due to participants dropping out of the study. [c]* [a] The correct answer is mortality. [q] Because the treatment and no-treatment groups are different at the end of the study, an investigator concludes that the treatment had an effect. If, however, the groups were already different before the treatment was introduced, the investigator may have been fooled by ____________________. [textentry] [c] selection [a] Correct [c]* [a] Sorry, the investigator may have been fooled by selection. [q] ___________ can create the illusion of a treatment effect if the treatment and no-treatment groups, although similar at one point, would have naturally grown apart (developed differently) even if no treatment had been administered. [textentry] [c]selection by maturation interaction; selection-maturation; selection by maturation interaction [a] Good! [c]selection [a]You are half right, but selection alone would make the groups different at the beginning of the experiment. The correct answer is selection-maturation interaction. [c]maturation [a]You are close, but with maturation alone, the groups would mature in the same way. The correct answer is selection-maturation interaction. [c]* [a]The answer we were looking for is selection by maturation interaction. [q]___________ may be a problem if participants are chosen because their scores were extreme because extreme scorers tend to get less extreme scores on retesting.[textentry] [c]regression; regression toward the mean [a]Yes, regression (also called regression toward the mean) can be a problem when participants are selected for their extreme scores. [c]* [a]No, the correct answer is regression toward the mean. [q]__________ refers to choosing your groups so that they are similar on certain characteristics to try to reduce selection bias. [textentry] [c]matching [a]Right, but realize that matching does not eliminate selection bias. Furthermore, because of regression and selection by maturation effects, two groups that were matched on the pretest may still score differently on the posttest. [c]* [a]Sorry, the answer is matching. [q]The ________ design is a before-after design that is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. [textentry] [c]pretest-posttest; pretest posttest; pretest postest [a]You are right that the pretest-posttest design is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. It is, however, extremely vulnerable to history, maturation, and testing effects. [c]* [a]The right answer is the pretest-posttest design. [q]The ________ is a study that resembles an experiment except that random assignment played no role in determining which participants got which level of treatment. [textentry] [c]quasi-experiment; quasi-experimental design [a]You are right that the quasi-experimental design is like an experiment but does not use random assignment. [c]* [a]The right answer is quasi-experiment. [q]The quasi-experiment is a study that resembles an experiment except that ______ _________ played no role in determining which participants got which level of treatment. [textentry] [c]random assignment [a]You are right that the quasi-experimental design is like an experiment but does not use random assignment. [c]* [a]The right answer is random assignment. [q]The time-series design and the _______ ______ ______ design are considered quasi-experimental designs. [textentry] [c]non-equivalent control group [a]Correct-- the non-equivalent control group design is a type of quasi-experimental design. [c]* [a]Sorry, the answer we were looking for was the non-equivalent control group design. [q]The non-equivalent control group and the _______ ______ design are considered quasi-experimental designs. [textentry] [c]time-series design [a]Correct-- the time-series design design is a type of quasi-experimental design. [c]* [a]Sorry, the answer we were looking for was the time-series design design. [q]The ________ design is a before-after design that is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. [textentry] [c]pretest-posttest; pretest posttest; pretest postest [a]You are right that the pretest-posttest design is not vulnerable to selection and selection by maturation interactions. It is, however, extremely vulnerable to history, maturation, and testing effects. [c]* [a]The right answer is the pretest-posttest design. [q]The ________ design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [textentry] [c]non-equivalent control group; nonequivaelnt control group. [a]Correct--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is the non-equivalent control group design. [q]The non-equivalent control group design is a _____________ design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [textentry] [c]quasi-experimental [a]Correct--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is quasi-experimental. [q]The non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a ________ group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [textentry] [c]comparison; control [a]Correct--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is comparison. [q]The non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not ________ ________ to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [textentry] [c]randomly assigned [a]Yes--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is randomly assigned. [q]The non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, _________ is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [textentry] [c]selection [a]Yes--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is selection. [q]The non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's ________ validity. [textentry] [c]internal [a]Yes--the non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experimental design that, like the simple experiment, has a treatment and a comparison group. However, participants are not randomly assigned to group. Consequently, selection is a serious threat to that design's internal validity. [c]* [a]The right answer is internal. [q]The ______ ______design is a quasi-experimental design in which a series of observations is taken from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment. Collecting a series of observations on each participant allows the researcher to estimate the extent to which the participant's behavior tends to change. Thus, the researcher is in a good position to see whether the changes that occur after the treatment is introduced are greater than the changes that normally occur. Because the time-series design is in a better position to estimate the effects of many potential threats to internal validity, it is an improvement over the pretest-posttest design. However, it is still extremely vulnerable to history effects. [textentry] [c]time series; time-series [a]Yes-- the time-series design is a quasi-experimental design in which a series of observations is taken from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment. Collecting a series of observations on each participant allows the researcher to estimate the extent to which the participant's behavior tends to change. Thus, the researcher is in a good position to see whether the changes that occur after the treatment is introduced are greater than the changes that normally occur. Because the time-series design is in a better position to estimate the effects of many potential threats to internal validity, it is an improvement over the pretest-posttest design. However, it is still extremely vulnerable to history effects. [c]* [a]The right answer is time-series design. [q]The time-series design is a quasi-experimental design that is an improvement over the _______ ______ design. [textentry] [c]pretest posttest; pretest-posttest [a]Yes-- the time-series design is a quasi-experimental design that is an improvement over the pretest-posttest design. [c]* [a]The right answer is time-series design. [q]The time-series design has more ______ validity than the pretest-posttest design. [textentry] [c]internal [a]Yes-- the time-series design is a quasi-experimental design in which a series of observations is taken from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment. Collecting a series of observations on each participant allows the researcher to estimate the extent to which the participant's behavior tends to change. Thus, the researcher is in a good position to see whether the changes that occur after the treatment is introduced are greater than the changes that normally occur. Because the time-series design is in a better position to estimate the effects of many potential threats to internal validity, it is an improvement over the pretest-posttest design. However, it is still extremely vulnerable to history effects. [c]* [a]The right answer is internal. [q]The time-series design, because it takes a series of observations from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, can estimate __________ effects of maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality. [textentry] [c]consistent [a]Yes--the time-series design, because it takes a series of observations from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, can estimate consistent effects of maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality. [c]* [a]The right answer is consistent. [q]The time-series design, because it takes a series of observations from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, can estimate consistent effects of maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality. However, it is still vulnerable to ___________[textentry] [c]history [a]Yes--the time-series design, because it takes a series of observations from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, can estimate consistent effects of maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality. However, history effects are often inconsistent. [c]* [a]The right answer is history. [q]The time-series design, like the pretest-posttest design is not vulnerable to a serious threat to the nonequivalent-control group design: _____________.[textentry] [c]selection [a]Yes--the time-series design, because it takes observations from one group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, is not vulnerable to selection. [c]* [a]The correct answer is selection. [q]The time-series design, because it takes many observations from a group of participants, is unlikely to be fooled by ______ .[textentry] [c]regression; regression toward the mean [a]Yes--the time-series design, because it takes a series of observations from a group of participants over time before and after they receive treatment, is unlikely to be fooled by regression. [c]* [a]The answer we were looking for was regression. [q]The time-series design is most vulnerable to ______ .[textentry] [c]history [a]Yes--the time-series design is vulnerable to history effects. [c]* [a]The answer we were looking for was history. [q]The time-series design is vulnerable to ______ maturation, mortality, testing, instrumentation, and history effects.[textentry] [c]inconsistent [a]Yes--the time-series design is vulnerable to inconsistent maturation, mortality, testing, instrumentation, and history effects. [c]* [a]The answer we were looking for was inconsistent--you can use the time-series design to accurately estimate non-treatment effects that are consistent.

 

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